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Newcastle is a city in the North East of England in the county of Tyne and Wear. It lies on the north bank of the River Tyne approximately 6 miles from the sea at Tynemouth and is joined with the town of Gateshead on the south of the Tyne by eight bridges: the iconic arched Tyne Bridge dating from 1928; the High Level Bridge with its road and rail crossings dating from 1849; the novel rotating Swing Bridge dating from 1876; the Queen Elizabeth II and King Edward VII rail bridges (from 1974 and 1906 respectively); the Redheugh and the A1 road bridges, and the most recent addition to this handsome collection of iconic bridges is the innovative Millennium Bridge – often referred to as the ‘Blinking Eye’ due to its novel mode of opening to allow ships to pass.
There is evidence of ancient habitation of the banks of the River Tyne, but civilisation of the area now known as Newcastle began in earnest during the reign of Emperor Hadrian; Hadrian’s Wall marked the northernmost frontier of the Roman Empire and parts of it may still be found in Newcastle today. After the departure of the Romans, ‘Pons Aelius’ as it had been called became ‘Monkchester’ – an important town in the great Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria. The city gained its ‘Newcastle’ name in 1080 when William Rufus established a new castle (Novum Castellum) in a prominent position overlooking the river. Newcastle became an important northern outpost over the following centuries, important in quelling raids from the unruly Scots. The city also resisted attacks by Parliamentarian forces during the English Civil War.
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